儒家: 《禮記》 – 《學記》 (公元前475年 – 公元前221年)
“Record on the subject of education“ (475-221 BC) English translation by James Legge
《學記》5 :
大學始教，皮弁祭菜，示敬道也；《宵雅》肄三，官其始也；入學鼓篋，孫其業也；夏楚二物，收其威也；未卜禘不視學，游其志也；時觀而弗語，存其心也；幼者聽而弗問，學不躐等也。此七者，教之大倫也。《記》曰：「凡學官先事，士先志。」其此之謂乎！
At the commencement of the teaching in the Great college, (the masters) in their skin caps presented the offerings of vegetables (to the ancient sages), to show their pupils the principle of reverence for them; and made them sing (at the same time) the (first) three pieces of the Minor Odes of the Kingdom, as their first lesson in the duties of officers. When they entered the college, the drum was beaten and the satchels were produced, that they might begin their work reverently. The cane and the thorns were there to secure in them a proper awe. It was not till the time for the summer sacrifice was divined for, that the testing examination was held;–to give composure to their minds. They were continually under inspection, but not spoken to,–to keep their minds undisturbed. They listened, but they did not ask questions; and they could not transgress the order of study (imposed on them). These seven things were the chief regulations in the teaching. As it is expressed in the Record, ‘In all learning, for him who would in be an officer the first thing is (the knowledge of) business; for scholars the first thing is the directing of the mind.’
【白话解】大學開學的時候，學生都穿著禮服，以蘋藻之菜祭祀先圣先師，表示尊師重道；先練習《詩·小雅》中《鹿鳴》、《四牡》、《皇皇者華》三首詩歌，勸勉學生以蒞官事上之道；擊鼓召集學生，正式打開書篋（書包），希望學生以謙遜謹慎的態度學習；夏楚兩物（教鞭）是用來警惕鞭策學生，收到整肅威儀的效果；夏天的大祭（天子祭天）未實施以前，天子、諸侯不急著到學校去視察，為的是讓學生有充足的時間發展志向；教師常常觀察學生，但是并不輕易發言，等到適當的時候再加以指導，是要使學生自動自發（《論語·述而》：不憤不啟，不悱不發）；至於年幼的學生，只聽講而不能亂發問，是因為學習要按照進度順序（次第）進行。這七項是教學的大道理，非常重要。古書說：凡學習做官，領導人民，先學習管理事情，要作一個讀書人先學習立志。就是這個意思。（志者存心也，志氣志氣，志者氣之導，心之引也。）
【原文】大学始教，皮弁祭菜，示敬道也。《宵雅》肄三，官其始也。入学鼓箧，孙其业也。夏楚二物，收其威也。未卜禘不视学，游其志也。时观而勿、语存其心也。幼者听而弗问，学不躐等也。此七者，教之大伦也。《记》曰：“凡学，官先事，士先志”。其此之谓乎！
【翻譯】大学开学的时候，（天子或官吏）穿着礼服，备有祭菜来祭祀先哲，表示尊师重道，学生要吟诵《诗经?小雅》中（鹿鸣、四牡、皇皇者华）三篇（叙述君臣和睦）的诗，使他们一入学就产生要作官的感受；要学生按鼓声开箱取出学习用品，使他们严肃地对待学业；同时展示戒尺，以维持整齐严肃的秩序；（学生春季入学，教官）没有夏祭不去考查学生，让学生有充裕的时间按自己的志愿去学习。（学习过程中）教师应先观察而不要事先告诉他们什么，以便让他们用心思考；年长的学生请教教师，年少的学生要注意听，而不要插问，因为学习应循序渐进，不能越级。这七点，是施教顺序的大纲。古书上说：“在教学活动中，教官首先要尽职，读书人要先立志”，就是说的这个道理啊！