儒家: 《禮記》 – 《中庸》 (公元前475年 – 公元前221年)
“The state of equilibrium and harmony“ (475-221 BC)
aka “Doctrine of the Mean” (with English translation by James Legge)
《中庸》20 :
哀公問政。子曰：「文、武之政，布在方策，其人存，則其政舉；其人亡，則其政息。人道敏政，地道敏樹。夫政也者，蒲盧也。故為政在人，取人以身，修身以道，修道以仁。仁者人也，親親為大；義者宜也，尊賢為大。親親之殺，尊賢之等，禮所生也。在下位不獲乎上，民不可得而治矣！故君子不可以不修身；思修身，不可以不事親；思事親，不可以不知人；思知人，不可以不知天。天下之達道五，所以行之者三，曰：君臣也，父子也，夫婦也，昆弟也，朋友之交也，五者天下之達道也。
知仁勇三者，天下之達德也，所以行之者一也。或生而知之，或學而知之，或困而知之，及其知之，一也；或安而行之，或利而行之，或勉強而行之，及其成功，一也。」
The Duke Ai asked about government. The Master said, “The government of Wen and Wu is displayed in the records – the tablets of wood and bamboo. Let there be the men and the government will flourish; but without the men, their government decays and ceases. With the right men the growth of government is rapid, just as vegetation is rapid in the earth; and, moreover, their government might be called an easily-growing rush. Therefore the administration of government lies in getting proper men. Such men are to be got by means of the ruler’s own character. That character is to be cultivated by his treading in the ways of duty. And the treading those ways of duty is to be cultivated by the cherishing of benevolence. Benevolence is the characteristic element of humanity, and the great exercise of it is in loving relatives. Righteousness is the accordance of actions with what is right, and the great exercise of it is in honoring the worthy. The decreasing measures of the love due to relatives, and the steps in the honor due to the worthy, are produced by the principle of propriety. When those in inferior situations do not possess the confidence of their superiors, they cannot retain the government of the people. Hence the sovereign may not neglect the cultivation of his own character. Wishing to cultivate his character, he may not neglect to serve his parents. In order to serve his parents, he may not neglect to acquire knowledge of men. In order to know men, he may not dispense with a knowledge of Heaven. The duties of universal obligation are five and the virtues wherewith they are practiced are three. The duties are those between sovereign and minister, between father and son, between husband and wife, between elder brother and younger, and those belonging to the intercourse of friends. Those five are the duties of universal obligation.
Knowledge, magnanimity, and energy, these three, are the virtues universally binding. And the means by which they carry the duties into practice is singleness. Some are born with the knowledge of those duties; some know them by study; and some acquire the knowledge after a painful feeling of their ignorance. But the knowledge being possessed, it comes to the same thing. Some practice them with a natural ease; some from a desire for their advantages; and some by strenuous effort. But the achievement being made, it comes to the same thing.
【原文】哀公问政。子曰：“文武之政，布在方策。其人存，则其政举；其人亡，则其政息。人道敏政，地道敏树。夫政也者，蒲卢也。故为政在人，取人以身，修身以道，修道以仁。仁者，人也，亲亲为大。义者，宜也，尊贤为大。亲亲之杀，尊贤之等，礼所生也。故君子不可以不修身。思修身，不可以不事亲；思事亲，不可以不知人；思知人，不可以不知天。
天下之达道五，所以行之者三。曰：君臣也，父子也，夫妇也，昆弟也，朋友之交也；五者，天下之达道也。
知、仁、勇三者，天下之达德也。所以行之者，一也。或生而知之，或学而知之，或困而知之，及其知之，一也。或安而行之，或利而行之，或勉强而行之，及其成功，一也。”
【译文】鲁哀公询问政事。孔子说：“周文王、周武王的政事都记载在典籍上。他们在世，这些政事就实施；他们去世，这些政事也就废弛了。治理人的途径是勤于政事；治理地的途径是多种树木。说起来，政事就像芦苇一样，完全取决于用什么人。要得到适用的人在于修养自己，修养自己在于遵循大道，遵循大道要从仁义做起。仁就是爱人，亲爱亲族是最大的仁。义就是事事做得适宜，尊重贤人是最大的义。至于说亲爱亲族要分亲疏，尊重贤人要有等级，这都是礼的要求。所以，君子不能不修养自己。要修养自己，不能不侍奉亲族；要侍奉亲族，不能不了解他人；要了解他人，不能不知道天理。
天下人共有的伦常关系有五项，用来处理这五项伦常关系的德行有三种。君臣、父子、夫妇、兄弟、朋友之间的交往，这五项是天下人共有的伦常关系。
智、仁、勇，这三种是用来处理伦常关系的德行。至于这三种德行的实施，道理都是一样的。比如说，有的人生来就知道它们，有的人通过学习才知道它们，有的人要遇到困难后才知道它们，但只要他们最终都知道了，也就是一样的了。又比如说，有的人自觉自愿地去实行它们，有的人为了某种好处才去实行它们，有的人勉勉强强地去实行，但只要他们最终都实行起来了，也就是一样的了。”