儒家: 《禮記》 – 《中庸》 (公元前475年 – 公元前221年)
“The state of equilibrium and harmony“ (475-221 BC)
aka “Doctrine of the Mean” (with English translation by James Legge)
《中庸》20 :
哀公問政。子曰:「… 知仁勇三者,天下之達德也,所以行之者一也。或生而知之,或學而知之,或困而知之,及其知之,一也;或安而行之,或利而行之,或勉強而行之,及其成功,一也。
Knowledge, magnanimity, and energy, these three, are the virtues universally binding. And the means by which they carry the duties into practice is singleness. Some are born with the knowledge of those duties; some know them by study; and some acquire the knowledge after a painful feeling of their ignorance. But the knowledge being possessed, it comes to the same thing. Some practice them with a natural ease; some from a desire for their advantages; and some by strenuous effort. But the achievement being made, it comes to the same thing.
【原文】知、仁、勇三者,天下之达德也。所以行之者,一也。或生而知之,或学而知之,或困而知之,及其知之,一也。或安而行之,或利而行之,或勉强而行之,及其成功,一也。
【译文】智、仁、勇,这三种是用来处理伦常关系的德行。至于这三种德行的实施,道理都是一样的。比如说,有的人生来就知道它们,有的人通过学习才知道它们,有的人要遇到困难后才知道它们,但只要他们最终都知道了,也就是一样的了。又比如说,有的人自觉自愿地去实行它们,有的人为了某种好处才去实行它们,有的人勉勉强强地去实行,但只要他们最终都实行起来了,也就是一样的了。