儒家: 《禮記》 – 《學記》 (公元前475年 – 公元前221年)
“Record on the subject of education“ (475-221 BC) English translation by James Legge
《學記》10 : — [學之四失]
學者有四失,教者必知之。人之學也,或失則多,或失則寡,或失則易,或失則止。 此四者,心之莫同也。知其心,然後能救其失也。教也者,長善而救其失者也。
善歌者,使人繼其聲;善教者,使人繼其志。其言也約而達,微而臧,罕譬而喻,可謂繼志矣。
Among learners there are four defects with which the teacher must make himself acquainted. Some err in the multitude of their studies; some, in their fewness; some, in the feeling of ease (with which they proceed); and some, in the readiness with which they stop.These four defects arise from the difference of their minds. When a teacher knows the character of his mind, he can save the learner from the defect to which he is liable. Teaching should be directed to develop that in which the pupil excels, and correct the defects to which he is prone.
The good singer makes men (able) to continue his notes, and (so) the good teacher makes them able to carry out his ideas. His words are brief, but far-reaching; unpretentious, but deep; with few illustrations, but instructive. In this way he may be said to perpetuate his ideas.
【白话解】學習的人有四種過失容易犯,教導的老師一定要知道。人在學習的時候,或有貪多而不求甚解的毛病,或有得少為足的毛病(知道一些就滿足了),或有認為太容易,生起輕忽,不認真學習的毛病,或有自我設限,不求進步的毛病。這四種心理都不相同,必須先明白這些心理,然後才能挽救這些缺失。教育的目的,就是要培養、增長優點挽救過失的。
善於唱歌者,能使人沈醉在歌聲中流連不忘,善於教學的人,能使人繼承他的志向而努力不懈。教的言語雖然簡要卻通達曉暢,含蓄而允當,很少用比喻而且容易明白,可算是能使人繼承其志了。
【原文】学者有四失,教者必知之。人之学也,或失则多,或失则寡,或失则易,或失则止。此四者心之莫同也。知其心,然后能救其失也。教也者,长善而救其失者也。善歌者使人继其声;善教者使人继其志。其言也,约而达,微而臧,罕譬而喻,可谓继志矣。
【翻译】谈到学生学习的偏向,有四种类型,教师不可不知道。在学习中,有的学生的偏向是兴趣多样,贪多务得;有的学生的偏向是迟钝内向,狭隘寡闻;有的学生的偏向是急躁外向,没有主见;有的学生的偏向是笨拙拘束,畏惧竞争。这四类偏向的根源是因为学生的客观心理实际不同。教师带班上课,只有了解学生的心理素质类型的区别,这以后才能实施有针对性的教育。教师的任务,就在于引导学生健康的发展他们的优点,帮助学生克服个性上的不足。
优秀的歌手,教人唱歌,只需要起一个头,定一个音,就可以让听歌的人都跟着他一起唱起来;优秀的教师,教人学习,只需要做一个点拨,定一个方向,就可以启发学生自己去探究思辩。优秀教师的的教学语言,虽然简约,但是却能明白的表达深刻的道理,让学生容易理解;虽然义理幽微,但是却能讲解得浅显生动,能够形象的说明问题,让学生容易接受;所使用的比方很少,但是却能讲解得十分恰当,让学生容易懂得。这样的优秀教师,就能够让学生在他的启发下深入的思考探索下去了。