儒家: 《禮記》 – 《中庸》 (公元前475年 – 公元前221年)

“The state of equilibrium and harmony“ (475-221 BC)  aka “Doctrine of the Mean” (with English translation by James Legge)

《中庸》10 : — 有關「真正的强」

子路問強。子曰：「南方之強與？北方之強與？抑而強與？寬柔以教，不報無道，南方之強也，君子居之。衽金革，死而不厭，北方之強也，而強者居之。故君子和而不流，強哉矯！中立而不倚，強哉矯！國有道，不變塞焉，強哉矯！國無道，至死不變，強哉矯！」

Zi-lu asked about energy [strength]. The Master said, “Do you mean the energy of the South, the energy of the North, or the energy which you should cultivate yourself? To show forbearance and gentleness in teaching others; and not to revenge unreasonable conduct – this is the energy of southern regions, and the good man makes it his study. To lie under arms; and meet death without regret – this is the energy of northern regions, and the forceful make it their study. Therefore, the superior man cultivates a friendly harmony, without being weak. How firm is he in his energy! He stands erect in the middle, without inclining to either side. How firm is he in his energy! When good principles prevail in the government of his country, he does not change from what he was in retirement. How firm is he in his energy! When bad principles prevail in the country, he maintains his course to death without changing. How firm is he in his energy!”

【原文】子路问强(1)。子曰：“南方之强与？北方之强与？抑而强与？(2)宽柔以教，不报无道(3)，南方之强也，君子居之(4)。衽金革(5)，死而不厌(6)，北方之强也，而强者居之。故君子和而不流(7)，强哉矫(8)！中立而不倚，强哉矫！国有道，不变塞焉(9)，强哉矫！国无道，至死不变，强哉矫！”

【注释】（1）子路：名仲由，孔子的学生。（2）抑：选择性连词，意为 “还是”。而：代词，你。与：疑问语气词。（3）报：报复。（4）居：处。（5）衽：卧席，此处用为动词。 金：指铁制的兵器。革：指皮革制成的甲盾。（6）死而不厌：死而后已的意思。（7）和而不流：性情平和又不随波逐流。（8）矫：坚强的样子。 （9）不变塞：不改变志向。

【译文】子路问什么是强。孔子说：“南方的强呢？北方的强呢？还是你认为的强呢？用宽容柔和的精神去教育人，对蛮横无礼也不报复，这是南方的强，品德高尚的人具有这种强。用兵器甲盾当枕席，死而后已，这是北方的强，勇武好斗的人就具有这种强。所以，品德高尚的人和顺而不随波逐流，这才是真强啊！保持中立而不偏不倚，这才是真强啊！国家政治清平时不改变志向，这才是真强啊！国家政治黑暗时坚持操守，宁死不变，这才是真强啊！”